Impacto del acoso escolar directo e indirecto en la salud mental de alumnado universitario de México
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https://doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2026.13.1.12675Resumen
Este estudio examinó la relación entre la victimización por acoso escolar (directa, indirecta y mixta) y la salud mental en alumnado universitario mexicano. Participaron 271 estudiantes a quienes se les evaluó en acoso escolar, depresión, ansiedad, estrés, y consumo problemático de sustancias. Los resultados mostraron que las formas indirectas de acoso (exclusión social, chismes/rumores) fueron más frecuentes que las directas, y que la exclusión social fue mayor en varones. La victimización mixta se asoció con mayores niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés, mientras que la victimización directa o indirecta, por separado, no mostró asociaciones consistentes con otras variables. También se observaron mayores prevalencias en la ansiedad en estudiantes de instituciones públicas y en quienes se identificaron como LGBTQ+. En uso problemático de sustancias no se hallaron diferencias entre grupos de victimización; sin embargo, pertenecer a la comunidad LGBTQ+ duplicó ese riesgo. Además, se evidenció un claro patrón dosis-respuesta: a mayor número de episodios de violencia, mayores niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés, efecto que se mantuvo al controlar covariables. En conclusión, la acumulación de violencia, especialmente la coexistencia de agresiones directas e indirectas, constituye el principal riesgo para la salud mental en la universidad. Esto pone de relieve la necesidad de intervenciones que aborden la frecuencia y la simultaneidad de las experiencias de victimización.
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