Physical fitness and self-concept in students of different ages in Extremadura (Spain)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Self-concept can be defined as the set of beliefs a person has about himself/herself, encompassing his/her personality and multiple dimensions. These dimensions study the perception of social and family relationships, emotional management, academic performance, and motor skills, establishing an important concept in the development of children and adolescents. On the other hand, physical fitness is a very important health parameter that encompasses both physical and psychological health. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the correlations between these two variables according to educational stage and sex. Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used to determine the normality of the data, Spearman's Rho test was applied for the correlational analysis of the dimensions of both tools (Self-concept scale AF-5 and Visual Analogical Scale of Physical Fitness Perception for Adolescents (VAS PFA, and a prediction model was also performed with the most relevant variables in students from 10 to 18 years old. The results showed high correlations between the physical dimensions and physical fitness, encompassing general, strength, and endurance as the educational stages progressed (<0.001). The overall development of school-aged children is of great interest because a positive self-concept can be influenced by physical well-being and optimal skills. In addition, children who have a positive self-concept are likely to be motivated to engage in sports and physical activities, which improves their physical health. Therefore, the health and education community could promote this through interventions in and out of the classroom for the best possible mental health.
Keywords:
Downloads
Article Details
References
Arcila-Arango, J.-C., Correderas-Campuzano, Farias Valenzuela, C., Giakoni Ramírez, F., & Valdivia-Moral, P. (2022). Self-concept and bullying in secondary school physical education: A sysmatic review. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 14, 1–12.
Babic, M. J., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Lonsdale, C., White, R. L., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). Physical Activity and Physical Self-Concept in Youth: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1589–1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0229-z
Benitez-Sillero, J. D., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Romera, E. M. (2022). Victimization in bullying and cyberbullying and organized physical activity: The mediating effect of physical self-concept in adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(6), 810–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2021.1967136
Benitez-Sillero, J. de D., Portela-Pino, I., Morente, Á., & Raya-González, J. (2023). Longitudinal Relationships Between Physical Fitness With Physical Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 0(0), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2173134
Bou-Sospedra, C., Adelantado-Renau, M., Beltran-Valls, M. R., & Moliner-Urdiales, D. (2021). Independent and combined influence of physical fitness components on self-esteem in adolescents: DADOS study. Annals of Human Biology, 48(7–8), 550–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2022.2032337
Brown, G. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Neff, C., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Frosch, C. A. (2009). Young Children’s Self-Concepts: Associations with Child Temperament, Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting, and Triadic Family Interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (Wayne State University. Press), 55(2), 184–216.
Busch, J., Claus, C., Schneider, S., & Siefen, R. G. (2021). Does a lower self-concept contribute to mental health disparities of diverse immigrant youth from middle childhood to late adolescence? BMC Psychology, 9(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00555-0
Bustos, V., Oliver, A., & Galiana, L. (2015). Validación del Autoconcepto Forma 5 en Universitarios Peruanos: Una Herramienta para la Psicología Positiva. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 28, 690–697. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201528406
Carraro, A., Scarpa, S., & Ventura, L. (2010). Relationships between physical self-concept and physical fitness in Italian adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110(2), 522–530. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.110.2.522-530
Chen, J., Song, W., Zhao, X., Lou, H., & Luo, D. (2023). The relationship between fundamental motor skills and physical fitness in preschoolers: A short-term longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1270888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1270888
Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., Wu, X., & Mo, L. (2022). The relationship between self-esteem and self-concept clarity is modulated by spontaneous activities of the dACC. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926181
Chrismas, B. C. R., Majed, L., & Kneffel, Z. (2019). Physical fitness and physical self-concept of male and female young adults in Qatar. PLOS ONE, 14(10), e0223359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223359
Conde Schnaider, E. D., López-Sánchez, C. V., & Velasco Matus, P. W. (2022). Relación entre la Actividad Física e Indicadores de Salud Mental. Acta de investigación psicológica, 12(2), 106-119.
Delgado-Floody, P., Soto-García, D., Caamaño-Navarrete, F., Carter-Thuillier, B., & Guzmán-Guzmán, I. P. (2022). Negative Physical Self-Concept Is Associated to Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Negative Lifestyle and Poor Mental Health in Chilean Schoolchildren. Nutrients, 14(13), 2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132771
Fox, K. R. (1997). The physical self and processes in self-esteem development. In The physical self: From motivation to well-being (1st ed., pp. 111–139). Human Kinetics. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232586335_The_physical_self_and_processes_in_self-esteem_development/link/568ba19108ae051f9afc52d6/download
García, F. G., & Gómez, M. R. (2011). Relationship between self-concept and the physical fitness of third-cycle primaryvSchool students. Revista de Psicología Del Deporte, 20(1), 45–59.
García, F., & Musitu, G. (2009). AF5: Self-Concept Form 5 (3rd ed.). TEA editions.
García, J. F., Musitu, G., Riquelme, E., & Riquelme, P. (2011). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the “Autoconcepto Forma 5” Questionnaire in Young Adults from Spain and Chile. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 648–658. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.13
Goñi Grandmontagne, A., & Zulaika Isasti, L. M. (2000). La participación en el deporte escolar y el autoconcepto en escolares de 10 a 11 años de la provincia de Guipúzcoa. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 59, 6–10.
Grao-Cruces, A., Fernández-Martínez, A., & Nuviala, A. (2017). Asociación entre condición física y autoconcepto físico en estudiantes españoles de 12-16 años. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 49, 128–136.
Haugen, T., Ommundsen, Y., & Seiler, S. (2013). The relationship between physical activity and physical self-esteem in adolescents: The role of physical fitness indices. Pediatric Exercise Science, 25(1), 138–153. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.25.1.138
Hayat, A. A., Shateri, K., Amini, M., & Shokrpour, N. (2020). Relationships between academic self-efficacy, learning-related emotions, and metacognitive learning strategies with academic performance in medical students: A structural equation model. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-01995-9
Henning, L., Dreiskämper, D., & Tietjens, M. (2022). The interplay of actual and perceived physical fitness in children: Effects on motivation and physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 58, 102055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102055
Herrera, L., Al-Lal, M., & Mohamed, L. (2020). Academic Achievement, Self-Concept, Personality and Emotional Intelligence in Primary Education. Analysis by Gender and Cultural Group. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03075
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jekauc, D., Wagner, M. O., Herrmann, C., Hegazy, K., & Woll, A. (2017). Does Physical Self-Concept Mediate the Relationship between Motor Abilities and Physical Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults? PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0168539. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168539
Kang, Y., Park, S., Kim, S., & Koh, H. (2020). Handgrip Strength Among Korean Adolescents With Metabolic Syndrome in 2014–2015. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 23(2), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2018.09.002
Kumar, N., Dalal, D., & Gopal, R. (2023). Physical fitness and physical self-concept in adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Social and Movement Sciences, 12(2). https://ijobsms.org/index.php/ijobsms/article/view/417
Liu, M., Wu, L., & Ming, Q. (2015). How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve Self-Esteem and Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents? Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0134804. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134804
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., Sung, R. Y. T., & Yu, C. W. (2007). Childhood obesity, gender, actual-ideal body image discrepancies, and physical self-concept in Hong Kong children: Cultural differences in the value of moderation. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 647–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.647
Mendoza-Muñoz, M., Adsuar, J. C., Mendoza-Muñoz, D. M., Polero, P., & Carlos-Vivas, J. (2021). Concurrent Validity and Reliability of a Novel Visual Analogue Fitness Perception Scale for Adolescents (FP VAS A). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073457
Mondragón Barrera, M. A. (2014). Use of the correlation Spearman in a study of ontervention in physiotherapy. Movimiento Científico, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.33881/2011-7191.mct.08111
Montoya Londoño, D. M., Dussán Lubert, C., Pinilla Sepúlveda, V. E., & Puente Ferreras, A. (2019). Estandarización de la Escala de autoconcepto AF5 en estudiantes universitarios colombianos. Ansiedad y Estrés, 25(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2019.06.001
Navarro-Patón, R., Barreal, P., & Basanta, S. (2016). Relación entre el autoconcepto físico y el disfrute en las clases de Educación Física en escolares de Educación Primaria. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 8(2), 151–162.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/11061
Olmedilla, A., Ortega Toro, E., & Abenza, L. (2016). Self-concept, sport, and physical activity practice in university students.
Onetti-Onetti, W., Chinchilla-Minguet, J. L., Martins, F. M. L., & Castillo-Rodriguez, A. (2019). Self-Concept and Physical Activity: Differences Between High School and University Students in Spain and Portugal. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01333
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity, 32(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Preckel, F., Niepel, C., Schneider, M., & Brunner, M. (2013). Self-concept in adolescence: A longitudinal study on reciprocal effects of self-perceptions in academic and social domains. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1165–1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.09.001
Putri, W., Sultoni, K., Rianita, L., & Suherman, A. (2019). Gender and Physical Self-Concept Differences among College Students. 211–217. https://doi.org/10.2991/icesshum-19.2019.34
Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., & Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity – a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 813. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-813
Rojo Ramos, J., Mendoza Muñoz, D. M., Gomez Paniagua, S., & Galán Arroyo, M. del C. (2023). Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Visual Analogical Fitness Perception Scale for Adolescents. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 50, 528–535.
Sáez, I., Solabarrieta, J., & Rubio, I. (2020). Physical Self-Concept, Gender, and Physical Condition of Bizkaia University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145152
Salkind, N. J. (2013). Exploring research: Pearson new international edition (Pearson Higher). https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/exploring-research/P200000003051/9780137518548
Schmidt, M., Blum, M., Valkanover, S., & Conzelmann, A. (2015). Motor ability and self-esteem: The mediating role of physical self-concept and perceived social acceptance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 17, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.11.006
Soriano Llorca, J. A., Navas Martínez, L., & Holgado Tello, F. P. (2011). El autoconcepto físico y su relación con el género y la edad en estudiantes de educación física. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 105, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2011/4).106.04
Springer, A. E., Kelder, S. H., & Hoelscher, D. M. (2006). Social support, physical activity and sedentary behavior among 6th-grade girls: A cross-sectional study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-8
Telama, Risto Yang, X., Leskinen, E., Kankaanpaä, A., & Hirvensalo, Mirja Tammelin, Tuija Viikari, Jorma S. A., Raitakari, O. T. (2014). Tracking of Physical Activity from Early Childhood through Youth into Adulthood. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000181
Twisk, J. W. R., Kemper, H. C. G., & Mechelen, W. van. (2002). The Relationship Between Physical Fitness and Physical Activity During Adolescence and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors at Adult Age. The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(S1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-28455
Videra-García, A., & Reigal-Garrido, R. (2013). Autoconcepto físico, percepción de salud y satisfacción vital en una muestra de adolescentes. Anales de Psicología, 29(1), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.1.132401
Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. CMAJ, 174(6), 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051351
Zhang, J., Zheng, S., & Hu, Z. (2022). The Effect of Physical Exercise on Depression in College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Self-Concept and Social Support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841160