Examen de los factores que afectan los niveles de agresión de los fanáticos del fútbol: muestras en Turquía
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La agresión de los fanáticos es un problema social que afecta a muchos clubes deportivos en todo el mundo. Debe ser manejado en todas sus dimensiones para prevenir agresiones individuales y sociales en ambientes deportivos. El estudio tiene como objetivo examinar los factores que afectan los niveles de agresión de los aficionados al fútbol. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por 909 personas, 474 hombres y 435 mujeres. Además del formulario de información personal, se utilizaron como herramientas de recolección de datos el "Cuestionario de agresión de Buss-Perry" y la "Escala de fanatismo por el fútbol". Se utilizó el análisis de correlación producto-momento de Pearson para determinar las relaciones entre las variables, y se utilizó el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para examinar el poder predictivo de las variables independientes sobre la agresión. Además, se realizó la prueba T de muestras independientes para comparar la agresión en términos de género. Los resultados muestran que la agresión predice positivamente el fanatismo, negativamente la identidad del equipo, la edad y el nivel educativo. Además, se observó que los hombres exhibían altos niveles de agresión física y verbal, mientras que las mujeres tenían altas identidades de equipo. Como resultado, se puede decir que el fanatismo, la identidad del equipo, la edad, el nivel educativo y el género son los principales predictores de agresión (40%).
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Citas
Aljbour, N. M. (2022). The extent of the professional system impact in achieving the development of a sense of belonging and the values of citizenship among football players in the Manaseer League. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 57(4), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.4.10
Alqmase, M., Al-Muhtaseb, H., & Rabaan, H. (2021). Sports-fanaticism formalism for sentiment analysis in Arabic text. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00757-9
Alshehri, A. (2016). The effect of increasing awareness about the use of social media on sport fanaticism for Saudi soccer fans [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Middle Tennessee State University.
Altin, M., Kivrak, A. O., Temür, E., Tarman, B., Serdar, K., Denktaş, M., ... & Bozgüney, R. (2019). Fair-play behavior of high school students playing futsal and football. The Journal of Eurasia Sport Sciences and Medicine, 1(1), 46-56. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jessm/issue/44960/559517
Aluola, C. O. (2020). The 12th Man in the Old Firm Rivalry: Understanding Soccer Fan Violence and Football Fan Rivalry [Unpublished master's thesis]. UİT The Arctic University of Norway.
Björkqvist, K. (2018). Gender differences in aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 39-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.030
Brantelid, I. E., Nilver, H., & Alehagen, S. (2014). Menstruation During a Lifespan: A Qualitative Study of Women's Experiences. Health Care for Women International, 35(6), 600-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2013.868465
Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1983). Sports Violence and the Media. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports Violence (pp. 195-211). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5530-7_12
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (17. bs.). Pegem Akademi. https://depo.pegem.net/9789756802748.pdf
Çelik, M., & Akçi, Y. (2016). Futbol taraftarlığı ve kurumsal aidiyet incelemesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(8), 948-959. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.258828
Charness, G., & Chen, Y. (2020). Social identity, group behavior, and teams. Annual Review of Economics, 12, 691-713. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics091619-032800
Cleland, J., Cashmore, E., Dixon, K., & MacDonald, C. (2022). Fan Reflections on Sexuality in Women's Football in the United Kingdom. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 46(5), 458-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723521105550
Çokluk, M., Ö., , Büyüköztürk, Ş., & Kayri, M. (2010). Analyzing factor structure of the scales by hierarchical clustering analysis: An alternative approach. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(12), 6397-6403. http://www.ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2010/6397-6403.pdf
Crolley, L., Hand, D., & Jeutter, R. (2000). Playing the identity card: Stereotypes in European football. Soccer & Society, 1(2), 107-128. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-38058-004
Csikszentmihalhi, M. (2020). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. Hachette UK. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200026151_Finding_Flow_The_Psychology_of_Engagement_With_Everyday_Life
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1994). Evolutionary psychology of male violence. In J. Archer (Ed.), (pp. 253-288). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Male-Violence/Archer/p/book/9781032379388
Darko, G., Björkqvist, K., & Österman, K. (2019). Low intensity intimate partner aggression in Ghana: Support for the revised gender symmetry theory in an African country. Aggressive behavior, 45(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21796
Ervin, L., & Stryker, S. (2001). Theorizing the relationship between self-esteem and identity. In T. Owens, S. Stryker, & N. Goodman (Eds.), Extending Self-Esteem Theory and Research: Sociological and Psychological Currents (pp. 29-55). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527739.003
Evans, I. M., Heriot, S. A., & Friedman, A. G. (2002). A behavioural pattern of irritability, hostility and inhibited empathy in children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(2), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007002008
Fridley, A., Popejoy, E., Bell, C. A., & Stokowski, S. Not Your Typical Fan: A Phenomenological Study on Booster Club Membership for a Men’s Division I College Tennis Program. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348417511_Not_Your_Typical_Fan_A_Phenomenological_Study_on_Booster_Club_Membership_for_a_Men%27s_Division_I_College_Tennis_Program
Goldweber, A., Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2013). Examining the link between forms of bullying behaviors and perceptions of safety and belonging among secondary school students. Journal of School Psychology, 51(4), 469-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.04.004
Hazler, R. J., & Mellin, E. A. (2004). The developmental origins and treatment needs of female adolescents with depression. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(1), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00281.x
Horbel, C., Popp, B., & Peter, M. (2020). Internationalization of professional football clubs: The case of German Bundesliga and China. Perspektiven des Dienstleistungsmanagements: Aus Sicht von Forschung und Praxis, 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28672-9_16
Jakubowska, H., Antonowicz, D., & Kossakowski, R. (2020). Female fans, gender relations and football fandom: Challenging the brotherhood culture. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Female-Fans-Gender-Relations-and-Football-Fandom-Challenging-the-Brotherhood/Jakubowska-Antonowicz-Kossakowski/p/book/9780367544157
Julian, T., & McKenry, P. C. (1989). Relationship of testosterone to men's family functioning at mid‐life: A research note. Aggressive Behavior, 15(4), 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.2480150403
Katsafanas, P. (2018). Fanaticism and sacred values. Philosophers' Imprint, Forthcoming. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3207484
Kavanagh, E., Litchfield, C., & Osborne, J. (2019). Sporting women and social media: Sexualization, misogyny, and gender-based violence in online spaces, International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(4), 552-572. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0079
Keyvanara, M., Maracy, M. R., & Ziari, N. B. (2015). A study conducted on the demographic factors of victims of violence in support and administrative departments of hospital in 2013. Journal of education and health promotion, 4. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.157192
Kim, Y. M., & Kim, S. (2009). The relationships between team attributes, team identification and sponsor image. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 10(3), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-10-03-2009-B004
Knapton, H., Espinosa, L., Meier, H. E., Bäck, E. A., & Bäck, H. (2018). Belonging for violence: Personality, football fandom, and spectator aggression. Nordic Psychology, 70(4), 278-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2018.1430611
Krustrup, P., & Krustrup, B. R. (2018). Football is medicine: it is time for patients to play!. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(22), 1412-1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099377
Larkin, B., & Fink, J. S. (2019). Toward a better understanding of fan aggression and dysfunction: The moderating role of collective narcissism. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0012
Lock, D., & Heere, B. (2017). Identity crisis: a theoretical analysis of ‘team identification’ research. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 413-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1306872
Madran, H. A. D. (2012). Buss-Perry saldırganlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(2), 1-6. https://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/turkceOzet?Id=1093
Mahmoudian, A., Boroujerdi, S. S., Ko, Y. J., & Delshab, V. (2023). The Impact of Perceived Team Reputation on Team Identification in the Context of European Football League Teams. Corporate Reputation Review, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-023-00162-2
Mitchell, R., & Boyle, B. (2021). Understanding the role of profession in multidisciplinary team innovation: Professional identity, minority dissent and team innovation. British Journal of Management, 32(2), 512-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12419
Pick, C., & Gillett, A. G. (2018). Segmenting consumers of professional soccer: Identifying the ‘enthusiast’. Journal of Services Research, 18(2), 7-36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333642941_Segmenting_Consumers_of_Professional_Soccer_Identifying_the_'Enthusiast
Rahmati, M. M., Kabiri, S., & Shadmanfaat, S. M. (2014). Team identification, sport fandom identity and willingness to verbal/physical aggressive actions among soccer fans. International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Research, 3(10), 760-764. https://www.academia.edu/download/61447616/Team_Identification20191207-65552-1u0fkm5.pdf
Scheibe, S., Spieler, I., & Kuba, K. (2016). An older-age advantage? Emotion regulation and emotional experience after a day of work. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(3), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waw010
Schuurman, B., & Taylor, M. (2018). Reconsidering Radicalization: Fanaticism and the Link Between Ideas and Violence. The Journal of the Terrorism Research Initiative, 12(1), 3-22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26343743
Shapiro, S. L., Ridinger, L. C., & Trail, G. T. (2013). An Analysis of Multiple Spectator Consumption Behaviors, Identification, and Future Behavioral Intentions Within the Context of a New College Football Program. Journal of Sport Management, 27(2), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.2.130
Spaaij, R. (2008). Men like us, boys like them: Violence, masculinity, and collective identity in football hooliganism. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 32(4), 369-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372350832408
Tapp, A. (2004). The loyalty of football fans—We'll support you evermore? Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 11(3), 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dbm.3240221
Taşmektepligil, M. Y., Çankaya, S., & Tunç, T. (2015). Futbol taraftarı fanatiklik ölçeği. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.73408
Tenenbaum, G., Stewart, E., Singer, R. N., & Duda, J. (1997). Aggression and violence in sport: An ISSP position stand. Sport Psychologist, 11(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.11.1.1
Thomson, N. D., Bozgunov, K., Psederska, E., & Vassileva, J. (2019). Sex differences on the four‐facet model of psychopathy predict physical, verbal, and indirect aggression. Aggressive behavior, 45(3), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21816
Toder-Alon, A., Icekson, T., & Shuv-Ami, A. (2019). Team identification and sports fandom as predictors of fan aggression: The moderating role of ageing. Sport Management Review, 22(2), 194-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.002
Turegun, E., & Efek, E. (2021). Analysis of the level of aggression and violence of students and other professional groups who are fans of Düzce sports football. African Educational Research Journal, 9(3), 704-711. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.93.21.109
Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social issues, 14(2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359001400203
Wann, D. L., & James, J. D. (2018). Sport fans: The psychology and social impact of fandom. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Sport-Fans-The-Psychology-and-Social-Impact-of-Fandom/Wann-James/p/book/9781138683167