Restricción del flujo sanguíneo en la rehabilitación del hombro: revisión sistemática de sus efectos neuromusculares y funcionales.
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https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2026.12.1.12478Resumen
El entrenamiento con restricción del flujo sanguíneo (blood flow restriction, BFR) ha ganado relevancia como método para estimular adaptaciones musculares utilizando cargas ligeras. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del BFR sobre la función neuromuscular del hombro en sujetos sanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus y SPORTDiscus siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Se incluyeron ocho estudios con un total de 223 participantes, que aplicaron protocolos de BFR utilizando cargas ligeras (20–30 % del 1RM) o contracciones isométricas submáximas, combinadas con presiones moderadas de oclusión (~50 % de la presión de oclusión arterial; LOP). Los resultados muestran mejoras consistentes en fuerza, masa muscular y activación electromiográfica (EMG) de músculos clave como el trapecio, el serrato anterior y el pectoral mayor, sin comprometer la biomecánica del hombro. Asimismo, algunos estudios reportaron efectos positivos sobre la postura en individuos con hombros redondeados. En conjunto, los hallazgos respaldan el uso del BFR como una estrategia segura y efectiva para inducir adaptaciones neuromusculares en el hombro, especialmente en contextos no clínicos. No obstante, se requieren investigaciones con mayor rigor metodológico, muestras más amplias y seguimiento a largo plazo para establecer recomendaciones sólidas
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