Two pillars of strength: emotional intelligence and physical activity as predictors of university students’ resilience
Main Article Content
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2026.12.1.11987Abstract
This study explored the relationship and influence of emotional intelligence and physical activity engagement on the resilience of university students in a rural academic setting. Anchored on a descriptive-correlational research design, the investigation gathered data from a large sample of undergraduate students using simple random sampling. A total of 1,199 university students participated in the study, comprising both male and female respondents. The sample had an estimated mean age of 20.3 years with a standard deviation of approximately 1.8 years, reflecting a typical age range for undergraduate students. Standardized instruments, including scales measuring emotional intelligence, physical activity engagement, and resilience, were employed. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple regression analysis to determine the relationships and predictive influence among the variables. Findings revealed significant relationships between emotional intelligence and resilience and physical activity engagement and resilience. Additionally, emotional intelligence and physical activity engagement significantly influence students’ overall resilience, indicating a dynamic interaction between psychological and behavioral factors. These results suggest that emotional competencies and health-related behaviors are crucial for students coping with stress, adapting to challenges, and maintaining mental well-being. The study's implication emphasizes the importance of integrating emotional and physical development in understanding students’ capacity for resilience, especially in contexts where environmental stressors and academic demands are prevalent. In conclusion, the study underscores the relevance of fostering emotional intelligence and physical engagement in shaping a resilient student population, offering meaningful insights for educators, counselors, and policymakers to enhance student well-being and performance in higher education environments.
Keywords:
Article Details
References
Acosta-Gonzaga, E., & Ramirez-Arellano, A. (2021). The influence of motivation, emotions, cognition, and metacognition on students’ learning performance: A comparative study in higher education in blended and traditional contexts. Sage Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211027561
Ahmadian, N., Lim, G. J., Cho, J., & Bora, S. (2020). A quantitative approach for assessment and improvement of network resilience. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 200, 106977. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.106977
Aithal, P. S., & Aithal, S. (2023). How to increase emotional infrastructure of higher education institutions. International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences (IJMTS), 8(3), 356–394. https://doi.org/10.47992/IJMTS.2581.6012.0307
Alexander, D. E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11), 2707–2716. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2707-2013
Almutairi, A., Mourshed, M., & Ameen, R. F. M. (2020). Coastal community resilience frameworks for disaster risk management. Natural Hazards, 101(2), 595–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03875-3
Anderson, R. C., Beach, P. T., Jacovidis, M. J. N., & Chadwick, K. L. (2020). Academic buoyancy and resilience for diverse students around the world. Inflexion, August.
Attia, M., Ibrahim, F. A., Elsady, M. A.-E., Khorkhash, M. K., Rizk, M. A., Shah, J., & Amer, S. A. (2022). Cognitive, emotional, physical, and behavioral stress-related symptoms and coping strategies among university students during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 933981. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1674165
Barro, L. J. A., Janito, C. R., Mancera, M. A., Orfrecio, M. E., Tagare, R. L., & Esto, J. J. B. (2025). Stance and speed among softball players: Basis for training design development. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 12(3), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2025.v12.i3a.3768
Battalio, S. L., Huffman, S. E., & Jensen, M. P. (2020). Longitudinal associations between physical activity, anxiety, and depression in adults with long-term physical disabilities. Health Psychology, 39(6), 529. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000848
Bear, G. G., & Soltys, A. (2020). Developing social and Emotional competencies and self-discipline. In Improving School Climate (pp. 47–66). Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351170482-4
Bongo, P. P., & Manyena, S. B. (2015). From’government’to’governance’: tensions in disaster-resilience leadership in Zimbabwe. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v7i1.188
Broderick, P. C. (2021). Learning to breathe: A mindfulness curriculum for adolescents to cultivate emotion regulation, attention, and performance. new harbinger publications.
Buchwald-McGlennon, E. E. (2023). Beyond Resilience: Arming Special Education Teachers With “Hope Theory” in the Fight Against Burnout.
Carriker, N., Hongsanguansri, S., Pavasuthipaisit, C., & Kiatrungrit, K. (2023). Association between Body Image Focused Social Media Usage (BSMU), Resilience, Attachment and Eating-related Problems among High School Students in Bangkok. Siriraj Medical Journal, 75(6), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.33192/smj.v75i6.261124
Chen, W., & Taylor, E. (2023). Resilience and self-control impairment. In Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 175–211). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14728-9_10
Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U. L. F., Yngve, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
Creswell, J. W., & Hirose, M. (2019). Mixed methods and survey research in family medicine and community health. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), e000086. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000086
Dai, J., & Menhas, R. (2020). Sustainable development goals, sports and physical activity: the localization of health-related sustainable development goals through sports in China: a narrative review. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 1419–1430. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S257844
DeLuca, J. S., Rakhshan Rouhakhtar, P., Klaunig, M. J., Akouri-Shan, L., Jay, S. Y., Todd, T. L., Sarac, C., Andorko, N. D., Herrera, S. N., & Dobbs, M. F. (2022). Psychosis-like experiences and resilience: A systematic and critical review of the literature. Psychological Services, 19(S1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000585
Diab, A., & Green, E. (2024). Cultivating resilience and success: Support systems for novice teachers in diverse contexts. Education Sciences, 14(7), 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070711
Dishman, R. K., Heath, G. W., Schmidt, M. D., & Lee, I.-M. (2021). Physical activity epidemiology. Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5040/9781718243811
Eriksen, E. V., & Bru, E. (2023). Investigating the links of social-emotional competencies: emotional well-being and academic engagement among adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 67(3), 391–405. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2021.2021441
Esponja, J. C. P., Tulud, D. M., Esto, J. B., Santos, J. A. D., Paylangco, C. L. B., Francisco, J. B., Nadela, L. I. C., Calixtro, M. A., Dagoc, P. P., Tagare, R. L., Dee, M. R., Canape, L. F., Wariza, C. J., Tenebroso, D. A. C., & Bicodo-Ortele, L. (2025). The Relationship between Social Appearance Anxiety and Holistic Self-Esteem among University Students in Southern Philippines. Universal Journal of Public Health, 13(3), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2025.130309
Esto, J. B., Java, V. P., Elumaring, J. B., Tagare, R. L., Martinez, N. D., Rosario, M. A. B., Reyes, M. D. L., Dalipe, M. A. R., San Pedro, M. E., Villarta, C. W. S., Celestial, S. D., Saniel, J. P. S., & Mangubat, C. M. T. (2025). Stepping Towards Growth: Examining the Relationship Between Physical Activity Engagement and Personal Growth Initiative Among Filipino Students. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 13(2), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2025.130221
Floyd, K. K., Horn, A., & Sherfinski, M. (2024). Compassion Fatigue, Resilience, and Endurance of Special Educators in Rural P-12 and Higher Education. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 87568705241244580. https://doi.org/10.1177/87568705241244576
Fullerton, D. J., Zhang, L. M., & Kleitman, S. (2021). An integrative process model of resilience in an academic context: Resilience resources, coping strategies, and positive adaptation. Plos One, 16(2), e0246000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246000
Gapa, I. J., & Tagare Jr, R. (2023). Dropped Interest: Generation Z Students’ Demotivating Reasons on Gradual Dislike on Sports and Recreation. Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 9(1), 98–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2023.9.1.9076
Gothe, N. P., Ehlers, D. K., Salerno, E. A., Fanning, J., Kramer, A. F., & McAuley, E. (2020). Physical activity, sleep and quality of life in older adults: influence of physical, mental and social well-being. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 18(6), 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2019.1690493
Haktanir, A., Watson, J. C., Ermis-Demirtas, H., Karaman, M. A., Freeman, P. D., Kumaran, A., & Streeter, A. (2021). Resilience, academic self-concept, and college adjustment among first-year students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 23(1), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025118810666
Hamdani, M. (2021). A multiskill, 5-week, online positive emotions training for student well-being. Journal of Management Education, 45(1), 86–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562920953203
Hirose, M., & Creswell, J. W. (2023). Applying core quality criteria of mixed methods research to an empirical study. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(1), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898221086346
Jackson-Koku, G., & Grime, P. (2019). Emotion regulation and burnout in doctors: a systematic review. Occupational Medicine, 69(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqz004
Jivraj, K. (2024). Navigating academic mental health and wellbeing, a case for resilience? Lessons for higher education using an ‘academic-centered approach.’ In Research Handbook of Academic Mental Health (pp. 394–408). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803925080.00032
Kalisch, R., Köber, G., Binder, H., Ahrens, K. F., Basten, U., Chmitorz, A., Choi, K. W., Fiebach, C. J., Goldbach, N., & Neumann, R. J. (2021). The frequent stressor and mental health monitoring-paradigm: a proposal for the operationalization and measurement of resilience and the identification of resilience processes in longitudinal observational studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 710493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710493
Kansky, J. (2017). Benefits of well-being: Health, social relationships, work, and resilience. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 129–169.
Klussman, K., Langer, J., & Nichols, A. L. (2021). The relationship between physical activity, health, and well-being. European Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000070
Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2021). Resilience and mental health among juveniles: role of strategies for coping with stress. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01701-3
Li, Z.-S., & Hasson, F. (2020). Resilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 90, 104440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104440
Mahmoud, N. N., & Rothenberger, D. (2019). From burnout to well-being: a focus on resilience. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, 32(06), 415–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692710
Mancera, M. A., Sumera, E. S., Tagare, R. L., Lopez, G. E., Orgeta, I. M., Haji Kasan, Y. T., Cristobal, H. D., Aton, A. G., & Adlaon, G. (2025). In the zone or out of bounds? How sports and physical activity anxiety affects life satisfaction among students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 14(3), 1844–2966. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v14i3.33530
Marsigliante, S., Gómez-López, M., & Muscella, A. (2023). Effects on children’s physical and mental well-being of a physical-activity-based school intervention program: a randomized study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031927
Martins, J., Costa, J., Sarmento, H., Marques, A., Farias, C., Onofre, M., & Valeiro, M. G. (2021). Adolescents’ Perspectives on the Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity: An Updated Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094954
Meneghel, I., Martínez, I. M., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2019). Promoting academic satisfaction and performance: Building academic resilience through coping strategies. Psychology in the Schools, 56(6), 875–890. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22253
Neal, D. (2017). Academic resilience and caring adults: The experiences of former foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 79, 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.005
Noor, S., Tajik, O., & Golzar, J. (2022). Simple random sampling. International Journal of Education & Language Studies, 1(2), 78–82.
Ongcoy, P. J. B., & Tagare, R. L. (2024). The Role of Social Support in Shaping Students’ Goal Achievement. 31(1).
Oriol, X., Amutio, A., Mendoza, M., Da Costa, S., & Miranda, R. (2016). Emotional creativity as predictor of intrinsic motivation and academic engagement in university students: the mediating role of positive emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1243. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01243
Paquette, V., Vallerand, R. J., Houlfort, N., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2023). Thriving through adversity: The role of passion and emotions in the resilience process. Journal of Personality, 91(3), 789–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12774
Pillay, D., Nel, P., & Van Zyl, E. (2022). Positive affect and resilience: Exploring the role of self-efficacy and self-regulation. A serial mediation model. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 48(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v48i0.1913
Rahimi, S., Hall, N. C., & Sticca, F. (2023). Understanding academic procrastination: A longitudinal analysis of procrastination and emotions in undergraduate and graduate students. Motivation and Emotion, 47(4), 554–574. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-023-10010-9
Romeo, A., Edney, S., Plotnikoff, R., Curtis, R., Ryan, J., Sanders, I., Crozier, A., & Maher, C. (2019). Can Smartphone Apps Increase Physical Activity? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(3), e12053. https://doi.org/10.2196/12053
Sadoughi, M. (2024). Overparenting and adolescent’s trait anxiety: Unraveling the roles of basic psychological needs frustration and emotion dysregulation. Acta Psychologica, 251, 104579. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104579
Schuenemann, L., Scherenberg, V., von Salisch, M., & Eckert, M. (2022). “I’ll worry about it tomorrow”–Fostering emotion regulation skills to overcome procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 780675. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780675
Sharma, S., Åkerlund, H., Liao, H.-W., & Bluck, S. (2021). Life challenges and resilience: the role of perceived personality continuity. Aging & Mental Health, 25(11), 2090–2099. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1795619
Shen, Y. (2022). Mitigating students’ anxiety: the role of resilience and mindfulness among Chinese EFL learners. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 940443. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940443
Smith, K. J., & Emerson, D. J. (2021). Resilience, psychological distress, and academic burnout among accounting students. Accounting Perspectives, 20(2), 227–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3838.12254
Spohrer, K. (2024). Resilience, self-discipline and good deeds – examining enactments of character education in English secondary schools. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 32(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2021.2007986
Squires, L. R., Hollett, K. B., Hesson, J., & Harris, N. (2021). Psychological distress, emotion dysregulation, and coping behaviour: a theoretical perspective of problematic smartphone use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1284–1299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00224-0
Tagare, R. L., Saroca, D. B., & Aguinaldo, J. C. (2025). Investigating the Local Culture and Characteristics of Gen Zs in Rural Communities: Insights in Improving Students’ Physical Education Experience. Physical Culture and Sport, 107(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2025-0005
Vani, M. F., Pila, E., Willson, E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). Body-related embarrassment: The overlooked self-conscious emotion. Body Image, 32, 14–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.007
Westerbeek, H., & Eime, R. (2021). The physical activity and sport participation framework—a policy model toward being physically active across the lifespan. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 608593. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.608593
Zheng, Y., Li, H., Gao, K., & Gallo, P. M. (2022). Developing a Home-Based Body Weight Physical Activity/Exercise Program. ACSM’S Health & Fitness Journal, 26(2), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000746
Zhu, X., Haegele, J. A., Liu, H., & Yu, F. (2021). Academic stress, physical activity, sleep, and mental health among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147257
