La investigación gallega en la aplicación de la tecnología láser para la limpieza de patrimonio cultural material: estrategias del pasado y del futuro
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La limpieza de elementos del patrimonio cultural es fundamental para asegurar la durabilidad y transmisión de nuestro legado cultural y artístico. En Galicia, la importancia de nuestro patrimonio construido en roca es reflejo de la habilidad de nuestros maestros y artesanos y es un símbolo de nuestra fortaleza como comunidad. La dificultad que entraña la limpieza de rocas poliminerálicas como son los granitos, esquistos, etc. empleadas en estas obras justifica la necesidad de realizar investigaciones pormenorizadas sobre la eficacia de diversos métodos de limpieza considerando tanto el grado de extracción de la sustancia indeseada (costras, grafiti, colonización biológica, etc.) como los efectos colaterales que puedan ocasionar dichas limpiezas como por ejemplo extracción de minerales, cambios cromáticos, etc. Es por ello, por lo que un grupo de investigadores de la Universidade de Vigo y la Universidade da Coruña trabajan conjuntamente desde hace 13 años para optimizar la aplicación de la tecnología láser como herramienta de limpieza de estas rocas. Este método físico permite alcanzar limpiezas de un modo selectivo, gradual y respetuoso con el medio ambiente y la salud de los trabajadores. Se posibilita por lo tanto un método de limpieza sostenible. Además de la utilización innovadora del láser para limpiar rocas poliminerálicas del patrimonio, este grupo de investigación gallego realizó avances en este ámbito con la aplicación simultánea de longitudes de ondas (infrarroja-1064 nm y ultravioleta- 355 nm) y la combinación secuencial de procedimientos de limpieza láser, químicos y mecánicos. Estas estrategias han permitido alcanzar altos niveles de extracción y reducir los efectos colaterales gracias a la reducción de los niveles de fluencia aplicados.
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