El depósito de Sn-Li asociado a granito de gran tonelaje de Argemela, Portugal central
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- Carlos M.C. Inverno+−
- Paulo J.V. Ferraz+−
- M. Eugenia Moreira+−
- Fernanda Guimar˜aes+−
- Augusto Filipe+−
Resumen
El filón de cuarzo Sn-Li de Argemela, al este de la mina de wolframio de Panasqueira, está alojado en pizarras y gravas del Cámbrico. Se infiere una cúpula granítica subyacente del Varisco a partir de pizarras moteadas y diques de microgranito albítico, este último incluye un grueso microgranito albítico modificado, enriquecido en F y Li, expuesto a unos 500 m, en la cima de la colina. Los recursos inferidos para la parte más superficial del yacimiento son de 20,1 millones de toneladas (Mt) con 0,1-0,2% de Sn, 0,2% de Li y 0,1% (estimado) de Rb, pero la extensión vertical de 650 m del yacimiento sugiere un recurso de >200 Mt (con idénticas calidades). La secuencia paragénica hidrotermal es ambligonita-montebrasita (mayoritariamente montebrasita) (etapa I)-cuarzo I-II-casiterita (con inclusiones de columbita-tantalita)─arsenopirita I─carbonato I- mica blanca I ─clorita I-fluorita-apatita-rutilo (Estadio II)-mica blanca II-molibdenita-turmalina-carbonato II-cuarzo III-arsenopirita II-esfalerita-estanita-calcopirita-pirrotita-clorita II (Estadio III)-covellita-vivianita-goethita/lepidocrocita (Estadio IV). La ambligonita-montebrasita es el principal portador de Li; el Sn está distribuido uniformemente entre la casiterita y la estannita; el Rb se encuentra mayoritariamente en la mica blanca (con 0,25-1,23 % en peso de Rb2O en el microgranito albítico de la cima). Las inclusiones fluidas primarias acuosas de 1-3 um de ancho en el yacimiento en las zonas de crecimiento de cuarzo I, carbonato I, apatito y casiterita arrojan salinidades globales y temperaturas de homogeneización de 7,2-19,1 wt % de NaCl equiv. y 290-360ºC, respectivamente. Las concentraciones de trazas (análisis por microsonda electrónica) en la casiterita de las vetas de cuarzo alcanzan el 1,95 % en peso de Nb, el 0,39 % en peso de Fe, el 0,13 % en peso de Ti, y valores bajos/negligibles de Sb, Zn, As, Ag y Bi, lo que demuestra su filiación granítica-hidrotermal. La esfalerita pobre en Fe y rica en Fe (partes inferior-intermedia y superior del yacimiento) contienen 1,0-1,6 y 7,9-9,4 % en peso de Fe, 64,3-66,0 y 55,9-57,2 % en peso de Zn, 0,4-0,5 y 0,9-1,1 % en peso de Cd, respectivamente. El geotermómetro de esfalerita-estanita arroja temperaturas de 245-297ºC. Tras la deposición de ambligonita-montebrasita a mayor temperatura (Etapa I), los fluidos hidrotermales (aCl-=0,25 m), relacionados con la cúpula granítica oculta, a una temperatura media corregida por presión (50 MPa) de 350ºC, fueron los responsables de la deposición de minerales de la Etapa II. La deposición de casiterita calculada a partir de complejos de cloruro de Sn se produjo igualmente, a partir de probables fluidos magmáticos-hidrotermales, a fO2 = 10-34 -10-32 atm y pH=3,5-4. Los mecanismos de deposición de casiterita fueron la oxidación, la mezcla, la neutralización, el posible aumento de aCl- y el enfriamiento. Más tarde, la esfalerita pobre en Fe (+kesterita/ferrokesterita) y la esfalerita rica en Fe (+estanita) se depositaron a una fS2 más alta y más baja, respectivamente, esta última probablemente a una fO2 más alta (estadio III). La singularidad del sistema de Argemela, con abundante ambligonita-montebrasita en las vetas hidrotermales de cuarzo-estaño, puede estar relacionada con un magma granítico extremadamente rico en F, Li y P. Tras el emplazamiento de los diques de granito/microgranito albítico, un fluido pegmatítico emergente fue incapaz, posiblemente debido a la insuficiente profundidad, de formar pegmatitas, sino que sólo modificó el microgranito albítico de la cima. Como consecuencia, el sistema, en el que probablemente se produjo la mezcla de fluidos magmáticos de alta y baja salinidad, permaneció muy enriquecido en F, Li y P y, en el momento en que se desarrolló el stockwork hidrotermal, la ambligonita-montebrasita (Etapa I) fue el primer mineral que se depositó abundantemente antes de la deposición de los minerales de la Etapa II en esas vetas de cuarzo con Sn-Li de Argemela.
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