Can a corporate well-being programme maintain the strengths of the healthy employee in times of COVID-19 and extensive remote working? An empirical case study.
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
- José Manuel Núñez-Sánchez+−
- Ramón Gómez-Chacón+−
- Carmen Jambrino-Maldonado+−
- Jerónimo García-Fernández+−
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the increase of working-from-home have drastically changed many aspects of work life, causing very negative effects on employees' physical and psycho-social well-being. Healthy organisations have healthy employees, who have at least five psycho-social strengths of engagement, self-efficacy, resilience, optimism and hope, which are reinforced by physical activity, relating to each other in a positive way and leading to numerous benefits for the company. These strengths are being weakened by the pandemic, and the aim of this empirical study is to analyse through a case study the effects of an updated corporate wellness programme in times of pandemic on these strengths of the healthy employee. The sample was of 251 employees, 91 women and 160 men. The instruments used were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the adaptation of the Healthy and Resilient Organization questionnaire. The results indicated that workers with high physical activity, higher seniority, well guided by supervisors, as well as a comprehensive (multi-component) well-being programme, not only physical but also psycho-social, and with the use of different digital tools (an App is not enough), can mitigate these negative effects. Whereas companies are grappling with reduced employee engagement among other harmful psychosocial and physical effects, this case study suggests that a good corporate well-being programme could help mitigate these detrimental consequences for their workforce and be helpful for the company to adapt to this rapidly changing workplace.
Keywords:
Downloads
Article Details
References
Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., ... & Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13052
Bailey, C., Madden, A., Alfes, K., & Fletcher, L. (2017). The meaning, antecedents and outcomes of employee engagement: A narrative synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12077
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008) Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work Stress, 22, 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ocp0000056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology and Health, 13, 623-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808407422
Bartunek, J. M., Rynes, S. L., & Ireland, R. D. (2006). What makes management research interesting, and why does it matter? Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.20785494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.20785494
Basinska-Zych, A., & Springer, A. (2021). Organizational and Individual Outcomes of Health Promotion Strategies-A Review of Empirical Research. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 18, 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020383
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods. Oxford University Press.
Bezner, J. R., Franklin, K. A., Lloyd, L. K., & Crixell, S. H. (2020). Effect of group health behaviour change coaching on psychosocial constructs associated with physical activity among university employees. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 93-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1462232
Bouziri, H., Smith, D. R., Descatha, A., Dab, W., & Jean, K. (2020). Working from home in the time of covid-19: how to best preserve occupational health? Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 77(7), 509-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106599
Brown, W. J., Trost, S. G., Bauman, A., Mummery, K., & Owen, N. (2004). Test-retest reliability of four physical activity measures used in population surveys. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(2), 205-215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80010-0
Caniëls, M. C., Semeijn, J. H., & Renders, I. H. (2018). Mind the mindset! The interaction of proactive personality, transformational leadership and growth mindset for engagement at work. Career Development International, 23(1), 48-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0194
Carnevale, J. B., & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E., & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(2), 103-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001
Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
De Klerk, J. J., Joubert, M., & Mosca, H. F. (2021). Is working from home the new workplace panacea? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for the future world of work. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1883
De-la-Calle-Durán, M.-C., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L. (2021). Employee Engagement and Wellbeing in Times of COVID-19: A Proposal of the 5Cs Model. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 18, 5470. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105470
Eurofound (2020). Living, Working and COVID-19: First Findings-April 2020; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg.
Franke, F., Felfe, J., & Pundt, A. (2014). The impact of health-oriented leadership on follower health: Development and test of a new instrument measuring health-promoting leadership. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1-2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F239700221402800108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/239700221402800108
Gerber, M., Jonsdottir, I. H., Lindwall, M., & Ahlborg, G. (2014). Physical activity in employees with differing occupational stress and mental health profiles: A latent profile analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.012
Gómez-Chacón, R., García-Fernández, J., Morales Sánchez, V., & Hernández Mendo, A. (2020). Adaptación y validación del cuestionario del empleado saludable del modelo HERO. Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 36(2), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.395431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.395431
Gómez-Chacón, R., García-Fernández, J., Morales Sánchez, V., & Hernández Mendo, A. (2021). Healthy employee’s psychosocial strengths in workers according to their physical activity level. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 38(1), 30–44.
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., … Lazar, S. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review. Journal of Management, 42(1), 114–142. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206315617003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617003
Grant, L., & Kinman, G. (2013). Bouncing back? Personal representations of resilience of student and experienced social workers. Practice, 25(5), 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2013.860092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2013.860092
Helland, M. R., & Winston, B. E. (2005). Towards a deeper understanding of hope and leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12(2), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107179190501200204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501200204
Hall, G., Laddu, D. R., Phillips, S. A., Lavie, C. J., & Arena, R. (2021). A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 64, 108. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pcad.2020.04.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005
Heslin, P. A., & Klehe, U. C. (2006). Self-efficacy. In S. G. Rogelberg (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Industrial/Organizational Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 705-708). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L. X., & He, H. G. (2020). Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. The Lancet 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424
Iglesias-Sánchez, P. P., Vaccaro Witt, G. F., Cabrera, F. E., & Jambrino-Maldonado, C. (2020). The contagion of sentiments during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: The case of isolation in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165918
Isen, A. M. (2002). Missing in action in the AIM: positive affect’s facilitation of cognitive flexibility, innovation, and problem solving. Psychological Inquiry, 13(1), 57–65.
Kaluza, A. J., Weber, F., van Dick, R., & Junker, N. M. (2021). When and how health‐oriented leadership relates to employee well‐being—The role of expectations, self‐care, and LMX. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(4), 404-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12744
Kazekami, S. (2020). Mechanisms to improve labour productivity by performing telework. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101868
Kent, K., Goetzel, R. Z., Roemer, E. C., Prasad, A., & Freundlich, N. (2016). Promoting healthy workplaces by building cultures of health and applying strategic communications. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(2), 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000629
Kim, J., Lee, S., Chun, S., Han, A., & Heo, J. (2017). The effects of leisure-time physical activity for optimism, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and positive affect among older adults with loneliness. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(4), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1238308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1238308
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., ... & Vugt, M. V. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/amp0000716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2019). Work engagement interventions can be effective: a systematic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 348-372.: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1588887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1588887
Kumar, P. (2021). V-5 Model of Employee Engagement during COVID-19 and Post Lockdown. Vision, 0972262920980878. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0972262920980878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262920980878
Lancet, T. (2021). A sporting chance: physical activity as part of everyday life. Lancet (London, England), S0140-6736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01652-4
Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
Liossis, P. L., Shochet, I. M., Millear, P. M., & Biggs, H. (2009). The Promoting Adult Resilience (PAR) Program: The Effectiveness of the Second, Shorter Pilot of a Workplace Prevention Program. Behaviour Change, 26(2), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.2.97 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.2.97
Llorens, S., Salanova, M., Torrente, P., & Acosta, H. (2013). Interventions to promote Healthy & Resilient Organizations (HERO) from Positive Psychology. In Salutogenic organizations and change (pp. 91-106). Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6470-5_6
López-Bueno, R., Calatayud, J., Andersen, L. L., Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Casaña, J., Casajús, J. A., ... & López-Sánchez, G. F. (2020). Immediate impact of the COVID-19 confinement on physical activity levels in Spanish adults. Sustainability, 12(14), 5708. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145708
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. Positive Organizational Behavior, 1(2), 9-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446212752.n2
Malik, P., & Garg, P. (2020). Learning organization and work engagement: The mediating role of employee resilience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(8), 1071-1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1396549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1396549
Mantilla-Toloza, S. C., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2007). International Physical Activity Questionnaire. An adequate instrument in population physical activity monitoring. Revista Iberoamericana de Fisioterapia y Kinesiologia, 10(1), 48-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1138-6045(07)73665-1
Mariotto, F. L., Zanni, P. P., & Moraes, G. S. M. (2014) What is the use of a single-case study in management research? Revista de Administración de Empresas, 54, 358–369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020140402
Masuda, A. D., Holtschalg, C., & Nicklin, J. M. (2017). Why the availability of telecommuting matters: The effects of telecommuting on engagement via goal pursuit. Career Development International, 22(2), 200–219. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-05-2016-0064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-05-2016-0064
Mathisen, G. E., Brønnick, K., Arntzen, K. J., & Bergh, L. I. V. (2017). Identifying and managing psychosocial risks during organizational restructuring: It’s what you do and how you do it. Safety Science, 100, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.12.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.12.007
Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D'Agata, V., Palma, A., ... & Musumeci, G. (2020). The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon, 6(6), e04315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315
Nelson, D. L., & Simmons, B. L. (2003). Health psychology and work stress: A more positive approach. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 97–119). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-005
Nieman, D. C., & Wentz, L. M. (2019). The compelling link between physical activity and the body’s defence system. Journal of Sport Health Science, 8(3), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009
Niitsu, K., Houfek, J. F., Barron, C. R., Stoltenberg, S. F., Kupzyk, K. A., & Rice, M. J. (2017). A concept analysis of resilience integrating genetics. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(11), 896-906. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1350225
Núñez-Sánchez, J. M., Gómez-Chacón, R., Jambrino-Maldonado, C., & García-Fernández, J. (2021). Corporate Well-Being Programme in COVID-19 Times. The Mahou San Miguel Case Study. Sustainability, 13(11), 6189. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116189
Ojo, A. O., Fawehinmi, O., & Yusliza, M. Y. (2021). Examining the predictors of resilience and work engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(5), 2902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052902 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052902
Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). Do-it-yourself: An online positive psychology intervention to promote positive emotions, self‐efficacy, and engagement at work. Career Development International, 18(2), 173-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-10-2012-0102
Parker, S. L., Jimmieson, N. L., & Johnson, K. M. (2013). General self-efficacy influences affective task reactions during a work simulation: the temporal effects of changes in workload at different levels of control. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 26(2), 217-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.651616
Peláez, M. J., Coo, C., & Salanova, M. (2020). Facilitating Work Engagement and Performance through Strengths-based Micro-Coaching: A controlled trial study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21,1265–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00127-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00127-5
Peterson, S. J., & Byron, K. (2008). Exploring the role of hope in job performance: Results from four studies. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(6), 785-803. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.492 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.492
Pronk, N. P., & Kottke, T. E. (2009). Physical activity promotion as a strategic corporate priority to improve worker health and business performance. Preventive Medicine, 49(4), 316-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.025
Reinwald, M., Zimmermann, S., & Kunze, F. (2021). Working in the Eye of the Pandemic: Local COVID-19 Infections and Daily Employee Engagement. Frontiers Psychology, 12, 654126. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654126
Rivera, M., Shapoval, V., & Medeiros, M. (2021). The relationship between career adaptability, hope, resilience, and life satisfaction for hospitality students in times of Covid-19. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 29, 100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100344
Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(3), 533–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12120
Robroek, S. J., Van Lenthe, F. J., Van Empelen, P., & Burdorf, A. (2009). Determinants of participation in worksite health promotion programmes: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6(1), 1-12. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-26
Salanova, M. (2020). How to survive Covid-19? Notes from organisational resilience (¿Cómo sobrevivir al Covid-19? Apuntes desde la resiliencia organizacional). International Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 670-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1795397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1795397
Salanova, M. (2021). Work engagement: a key to HEROs–healthy and resilient organizations. In A Research Agenda for Employee Engagement in a Changing World of Work. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789907858.00011
Salanova, M., Grau, R., Cifre, E., & Llorens, S. (2000). Computer training, frequency of use and burnout: the moderating role of computer self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behaviour, 16(6), 575-590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00028-5
Salanova, M., Grau, R., & Martinez, I. (2005) Demandas laborales y conductas de afrontamiento: el rol modulador de la autoeficacia profesional. Psicothema, 17(3), 390-395.
Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. (2009). El engagement en el trabajo: cuando el trabajo se convierte en pasión. Alianza Editorial: Madrid.
Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Cifre, E., & Martínez, I. M. (2012). We need a HERO! Towards a validation of the Healthy & Resilient Organization (HERO) model. Group & Organization Management, 37(6), 785–822. doi: 10.1177/1059601112470405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601112470405
Sallis, R., Young, D. R., Tartof, S. Y., Sallis, J. F., Sall, J., Li, Q., Smith, G. N., & Cohen, D. A. (2021). Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: A study in 48,440 adult patients. British Journal Sports Medicine, 1-8, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015630930326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Schneider, B., Yost, A. B., Kropp, A., Kind, C., & Lam, H. (2018). Workforce engagement: What it is, what drives it, and why it matters for organisational performance. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 39(4), 462–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2244
Simbula, S., Guglielmi, D., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2011). A three-wave study of job resources, self-efficacy, and work engagement among Italian schoolteachers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 285–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320903513916
Ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). A resource perspective on the work-home interface: The work-home resources model. American Psychologist, 67(7),545–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027974
Trougakos, J. P., Chawla, N., & McCarthy, J. M. (2020). Working in a pandemic: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 health anxiety on work, family, and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(11), 1234-1245. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000739
Vander Elst, T., Verhoogen, R., Servu, M., Van den Broeck, A., Baillien, E., & Godderis, L. (2017). Not extent of telecommuting, but job characteristics as proximal predictors of work-related well-being. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(10), 180–186. https://doi.org/JOM.0000000000001132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001132
Vera, M., Le Blanc, P. M., Taris, T. W., & Salanova, M. (2014). Patterns of engagement: the relationship between efficacy beliefs and task engagement at the individual versus collective level. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(2), 133–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12219
Vincent-Höper, S., & Stein, M. (2019). The role of leaders in designing employees’ work characteristics: Validation of the health- and development-promoting leadership behavior questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1049. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01049
Vinkers, C. H., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Branchi, I., Cryan, J. F., Domschke, K., ... & van der Wee, N. J. (2020). Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003
Wang, H.-j., Lu, C.-q., & Siu, O.-l. (2015). Job insecurity and job performance: The moderating role of organizational justice and the mediating role of work engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1249–1258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038330
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Wilson, M. G., Dejoy, D. M., Vandenberg, R. J., Richardson, H. A., & McGrath, A. L. (2004). Work characteristics and employee health and well-being: Test of model of healthy word organization. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 565–589. https://doi.org/10.1348/0963179042596522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/0963179042596522
Wood, J., Oh, J., Park, J., & Kim, W. (2020). The relationship between work engagement and work–life balance in organizations: A review of the empirical research. Human Resource Development Review, 19(3), 240–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320917560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320917560
World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Connecting the world to combat coronavirus, 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/healthyathome (accessed on 20 November 2021)
Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e923549–e923541. https://dx.doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.923549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
Yıldırım, M., Çiçek, İ., & Şanlı, M. E. (2021). Coronavirus stress and COVID-19 burnout among healthcare staffs: The mediating role of optimism and social connectedness. Current Psychology, 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01781-w
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace: The Impact of Hope, Optimism, and Resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206307305562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562