The Impact of CRD IV on Bank Lending
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study addresses the post-financial crisis EU banking regulation reform CRD IV. The specific focus is on the relationship between increased capital requirements and the subsequent change in both supply and the price of bank credit. This study employs a twofold data consisting of a panel of Finnish unlisted savings and cooperative banks’ key figures over the period 2002-2018 and a representative survey conducted with personnel of Finnish institutions. In addition to the consistent finding in regards to the effect of bank profitability as well as fairly consistent findings in regards to the effect of bank size and GDP growth, the key finding suggests a slight decrease in loan supply under the CRD IV.
Keywords:
Downloads
Article Details
References
Accornero, M., Alessandri, P., Carpinelli, L., & Sorrentino, A.M. (2017). Non-performing loans and the supply of bank credit: evidence from Italy (Banca D’Italia Occasional Papers No. 374). Retrieved from: https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/qef/2017-0374/index.html?com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2954995
Adrian, T., Friedman, E., & Muir, T. (2015). The Cost of Capital of the Financial Sector. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2706614. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2706614
Adrian, T., & Shin, H.S. (2014). Procyclical Leverage and Value-at-Risk. The Review of Financial Studies 27(2), 373-403. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hht068
Aiyar, S., Calomiris, C.W., & Wieladek, T. (2016). How does credit supply respond to monetary policy and bank minimum capital requirements? European Economic Review Vol. 82, 142-165. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.07.021
Aiyar, S., Calomiris, C.W., & Wieladek, T. (2014). Does Macro-Prudential Regulation Leak? Evidence from a UK Policy Experiment. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 46(1), 181-214. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12086
Aldasoro, I., Delli Gatti, D., & Faia, E. (2017). Bank Networks: Contagion, Systemic Risk and Prudential Policy. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization Vol. 142, 164-188. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.05.022
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2017). High-Level Summary of Basel III Reforms. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d424_hlsummary.pdf
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2014). Basel III Leverage Ratio Framework and Disclosure Requirements. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs270.pdf
Basten, C., & Koch, C. (2015). Higher Bank Capital Requirements and Mortgage Pricing: Evidence from the Countercyclical Capital Buffer (CCB). BIS Working Papers, 511. Retrieved from: https://www.bis.org/publ/work511.htm. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2473622
Berrospide, J.M. (2013). Bank Liquidity Hoarding and the Financial Crisis: An Empirical Evaluation. FEDS Working Papers, 2013-03. Retrieved from: https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2013/201303/201303abs.html. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2013.03
Berrospide, J.M., & Edge, R.M. (2010). The Effects of Bank Capital on Lending: What Do We Know, and What Does it Mean? International Journal of Central Banking 6(4), 5-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1670506
Blum, J. (1999). Do Capital Adequacy Requirements Reduce Risks in Banking? Journal of Banking & Finance 23(5), 755-771. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00113-7
Bridges, J., Gregory, D., Nielsen, M., Pezzini, S., Radia, A., & Spaltro, M. (2014). The Impact of Capital Requirements on Bank Lending. Bank of England Working Paper, 486. Retrieved from: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/working-paper/2014/the-impact-of-capital-requirements-on-bank-lending. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2388773
Bustamante, J., Cuba, W., & Nivin, R. (2019). Determinants of credit growth and the bank lending channel in Peru: a loan level analysis. BIS Working Paper, 803. Retrieved from: https://www.bis.org/publ/work803.htm.
Cambacorta, L. (2005). Inside the bank lending channel. European Economic Review, 49 (7), 1737-1759. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.05.004
Corbae, P.D., & D'Erasmo, P. (2014). Capital Requirements in a Quantitative Model of Banking Industry Dynamics. FRP of Philadelphia Working Paper, 14-13. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2430778. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2014.13
De Jonghey, O., Dewachter, H., & Ongenax, S. (2016). Bank Capital (Requirements) and Credit Supply: Evidence from Pillar 2 Decisions. National Bank of Belgium Working Paper Research, 303. Retrieved from: https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nbbreswpp/201610-303.htm
De Resende, C., Dib, A., & Perevalov, N. (2010). The Macroeconomic Implications of Changes in Bank Capital and Liquidity Requirements in Canada: Insights from the BoC-GEM-FIN. Bank of Canada Discussion Paper, 16. Retrieved from: https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/dp10-16.pdf
European Central Bank (2016). Recent Trends in Euro Area Banks’ Business Models and Implications for Banking Sector Stability. Retrieved from: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/sfcfinancialstabilityreview201605.en.pdf
European Banking Authority (2012). Assessment of SME Proposals for CRD IV/CRR. Retrieved from: https://www.eba.europa.eu/documents/10180/16148/EBA-SME-Report.pdf
European Commission (2016). Frequently Asked Questions: Capital Requirements (CRR/CRD IV) and Resolution Framework (BRRD/SRM) Amendments. Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-3840_en.htm
Fungáčová, Z., Solanko, L., & Weill, L. (2014). Does competition influence the bank lending channel in the euro area? Journal of Banking & Finance 49, 356-366. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.06.018
Gobat, J., Yanase, M., & Maloney, J. (2014). The Net Stable Funding Ratio: Impact and Issues for Consideration. IMF Working Paper No. 14/106. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14106.pdf. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498346498.001
Hanson, S.G., Kashyap, A.K., & Stein, J.C. (2011). A Macroprudential Approach to Financial Regulation. Journal of Economic Perspectives 25(1), 3-28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.1.3
Howarth, D., & Quaglia, L. (2016). The Political Economy of European Banking Union. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727927.001.0001
King, M. (2010). Mapping Capital and Liquidity Requirements to Bank Lending Spreads. BIS Working Paperr, 324. Retrieved from: https://www.bis.org/publ/work324.htm. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716884
Kisin, R., & Manela, A. (2016). The Shadow Cost of Bank Capital Requirements. The Review of Financial Studies 29(7), 1780–1820. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhw022
Lambertini, L., & Mukherjee, A. (2016). Is Bank Capital Regulation Costly for Firms? – Evidence from Syndicated Loans. The École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Working Paper. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwjR87HK9bzeAhVwsosKHRYpA60QFjAAegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Fconference%2F2017%2Fpreliminary%2Fpaper%2F5TTRkzND&usg=AOvVaw0zZce25aLguKOy4M31L41
Martin, A., & Parigi, B.M. (2013). Bank Capital Regulation and Structured Finance. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 45(1), 87-119. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2012.00563.x
Meriläinen, J-M. (2016). Lending growth during the financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis: The role of bank ownership type. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 41, 168-182. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2015.12.011
Mesonnier, J-S., & Monks, A. (2015). Did the EBA Capital Exercise cause a Credit Crunch in the Euro Area? International Journal of Central Banking 11(3), 75-117. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2451019
Noss, J., & Toffano, P. (2016). Estimating the Impact of Changes in Aggregate Bank Capital Requirements on Lending and Growth during an Upswing. Journal of Banking & Finance, 62, 15-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.09.020
Ongena, S., Popov, A., & Udell, G.F. (2013). “When the Cat's Away the Mice Will Play”: Does Regulation at Home Affect Bank Risk-Taking Abroad? Journal of Financial Economics 108(3), 727-750. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.01.006
Peydro, J-L. (2010). Discussion of The Effects of Bank Capital on Lending: What Do We Know, and What Does It Mean? International Journal of Central Banking 6(4), 55-69. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2010.44
Plantin, G. (2015). Shadow Banking and Bank Capital Regulation. The Review of Financial Studies 28(1), 146-175. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu055
Repullo, R. (2004). Capital Requirements, Market Power, and Risk-taking in Banking. Journal of Financial Intermediation 13(2), 156-182. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2003.08.005
Tanda, A. (2015). The Effects of Bank Regulation on the Relationship between Capital and Risk. Comparative Economics Studies 57(1), 31-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2014.35
Walker, G.A. (2011). Basel III Market and Regulatory Compromise. Journal of Banking Regulation 12(2), 95-99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/jbr.2011.4